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<title>Plateau potentials</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plateau potentials</span></span>
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<p><b>Plateau potentials</b>, caused by persistent inward currents (PICs), are a type of electrical behavior seen in <a href="Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spinal_cord">Spinal cord</h2></div>
<p>Plateau potentials are of particular importance to <a href="Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> motor systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Svirskis2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svirskis2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PICs are set up by the influence of descending <a href="Monoaminergic" title="Monoaminergic">monoaminergic</a> <a href="Reticulospinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulospinal">reticulospinal</a> pathways. Metabotropic neurotransmitters, via monoaminergic input such as <a href="5-HT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HT">5-HT</a> and <a href="Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, modulate the activity of dendritic L-type Calcium channels that allow a sustained, positive, inward current into the cell. This leads to a lasting <a href="Depolarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Depolarisation">depolarisation</a>. In this state, the cell fires <a href="Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a> independent of synaptic input. The PICs can be turned off via the activation of high-frequency inhibitory input at which point the cell returns to a resting state.<sup id="cite_ref-Svirskis2001_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svirskis2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Olfactory_bulb">Olfactory bulb</h2></div>
<p><a href="Periglomerular_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglomerular cells">Periglomerular cells</a>, <a href="Inhibitory_neurotransmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitory neurotransmission">inhibitory</a> <a href="Interneuron" title="Interneuron">interneurons</a> that surround and innervate <a href="Glomerulus_(olfaction)" title="Glomerulus (olfaction)">olfactory glomeruli</a>, have also been shown to exhibit plateau potentials.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cortex_and_hippocampus">Cortex and hippocampus</h2></div>
<p>Plateau potentials are also seen in the cortical,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hippocampal pyramidal<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neurons. Using iontophoretic, or two-photon glutamate uncaging experiments, it has been discovered that these plateau potentials include activities of voltage dependent calcium channels and NMDA receptors.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Svirskis2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svirskis2001_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svirskis2001_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFSvirskisGutmanHounsgaard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Svirskis, G; Gutman, A; Hounsgaard, J (January 2001). "Electrotonic structure of motoneurons in the spinal cord of the turtle: inferences for the mechanisms of bistability". <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>. <b>85</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.2001.85.1.391">10.1152/jn.2001.85.1.391</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11152739">11152739</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMasurkarChen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Masurkar, AV; Chen, WR (29 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170655">"Potassium currents of olfactory bulb juxtaglomerular cells: characterization, simulation, and implications for plateau potential firing"</a>. <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>192</b>: <span class="nowrap">247–</span>62. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.06.012">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.012</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3170655">3170655</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21704678">21704678</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZhouXiongMasurkarChen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Z; Xiong, W; Masurkar, AV; Chen, WR; Shepherd, GM (November 2006). "Dendritic calcium plateau potentials modulate input-output properties of juxtaglomerular cells in the rat olfactory bulb". <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>. <b>96</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">2354–</span>63. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.00003.2006">10.1152/jn.00003.2006</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16855116">16855116</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11512553">11512553</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMajorPolskyDenkSchiller2008" class="citation journal cs1">Major, G; Polsky, A; Denk, W; Schiller, J; Tank, DW (May 2008). "Spatiotemporally graded NMDA spike/plateau potentials in basal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons". <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>. <b>99</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">2584–</span>601. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.00011.2008">10.1152/jn.00011.2008</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002C-07A3-4">11858/00-001M-0000-002C-07A3-4</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18337370">18337370</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMilojkovicRadojicicAntic2005" class="citation journal cs1">Milojkovic, BA; Radojicic, MS; Antic, SD (13 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643048">"A strict correlation between dendritic and somatic plateau depolarizations in the rat prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>25</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">3940–</span>51. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.5314-04.2005">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5314-04.2005</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5643048">5643048</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15829646">15829646</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSuzukiKodamaHoshinoIzumi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki, T; Kodama, S; Hoshino, C; Izumi, T; Miyakawa, H (August 2008). "A plateau potential mediated by the activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons". <i>The European Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">521–</span>34. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-9568.2008.06324.x">10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06324.x</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18702724">18702724</a>.</cite></span>
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